Diversity What are individual differences? What is their importance in education? Mention this sequence. What are the Individual Differences of different teaching methods related to individual differences in What are its significance in education ? Also discuss various teaching techniques relating individuals differences. What is meant by individual differences? How is the knowledge of individual differences useful for a teacher? Or what do you mean by individual differences? State the main characteristics of educationally backward students. What educational programs would you recommend for them at the secondary level of education? ,
Meaning of individual differences It is the law of nature that no two persons can be completely alike in the whole ritual. There must be some difference between them. Even twins may look alike in appearance, but there is a substantial difference in their temperament, intelligence, physical, mental and emotional development. This individual variation is found not only in humans but also in animals. These individual differences can be of many types. Colour, form, shape, intelligence, many things are helpful in explaining individual differences. From ancient times, according to the age and intelligence of the child, education is given to him. When a child is small, he is taught simple things and as he grows up he is taught difficult things. Individual differences are of great importance in the present era and this concept was first used by the French psychologist Galton.
Some of the main definitions are as follows
1. Skinner – “By individual differences, we mean all those aspects of personality that can be measured and evaluated. ,
2. James Drever- “The difference between the physical and mental qualities of a person in his group is called individual difference. ,
3. Tyler - "The difference found in the characteristics of the body, color, shape, function, speed, intelligence, knowledge, achievement, interest, aptitude, etc., is called individual difference."
Educational Implications of Individual Differences - The educational importance of individual differences is as follows
1. Class Classification - Every student who takes admission in the school is different enough from the other student. Therefore, on the basis of their ability for social development, they should be kept in different sections. Based on this division, three types of classes can be formed on student A. Children of sharp intelligence, children of normal intelligence and B.Ed. A child of low intelligence. These classes of students can also be made on the result of their previous classes. Teachers in these classes should also be placed in the same category.
2. Size of the Class - Today, the number of students in the class is very large, due to which the teacher is not able to pay attention to all the children and solve their individual difficulties. In this view, the number of students in the class should be kept very less so that the teacher can pay attention to each student and solve his problems. Psychologists are of the opinion that the number of students in a class should not be more than 20. Made me retarded but Skinner really must differ while simple
3. Individualized Instruction - Today there is a system of group education in all schools which is faulty. Due to differing mental abilities, not all students are able to benefit from this arrangement. Even a teacher does the teaching work keeping in mind the common student, which does not benefit those with fast and slow intelligence. Therefore, individual education should be arranged in each school so that every student can get benefit. Emphasizing on the system of individual education, Crow and Crow have written – “It is the duty of the school to provide suitable education for every child, however different he may be from all other children.” Are . Ross has also written in this regard - "The real solution to the difficulty is not classification according to types, but individual learning." If there was no group, then the law is after.
4. Attention towards Physical Defects - A sensible and capable teacher arranges teaching keeping in mind the physical defects of students who hear less or those who have weak eyesight or those who are of short stature. The teacher sits in the front of the class. Apart from this, a doctor should be appointed in every school who checks every student regularly. Rest hours and breakfast should be arranged for weak and very poor children. In this regard, Skinner has given the following suggestions:
(i) Those who are hard of hearing should be placed at the forefront of the class.
(ii) Rest hours should be fixed for weak and malnourished children.
(iii) Every child should be medically examined.
5. Sex-based Education - Boys and girls have different interests and abilities from each other. Therefore education should be given accordingly. There can be only one subject for boys and girls up to the primary level but not at the secondary level. For example, girls take interest in subjects like language, art, music, home science, while boys are interested in subjects like science, mathematics, philosophy, logic etc. Subjects should not be imposed on the students.
6. Curriculum - Curriculum should not have rigidity but it should have flexibility. Also, the syllabus should be full of subjects so that the student can adopt the subject of his interest. According to the mental level of the student, the retarded children go backward and the meritorious students become arrogant. In relation to this, Skinner is of the view - "Whatever the reasons for the differences of children. • The reality is that the school must cope with them through different courses."
7. Home Assignment - The teacher should take care of individual differences even while giving homework. Children with sharp intelligence should be given more and more difficult tasks, whereas children of normal and slow intelligence should be given less and easier tasks according to their mental ability. Doing this also benefits the students.
8. Teaching Methods - Not all students can be taught by the same method of teaching. In ancient times, the guru used to teach collectively to all his students with a single sarcophagus. If a retarded child did not understand anything, he used to beat him. But today it is not so. Psychologists have simplified the teaching task by inventing the latest teaching methods.
9. Guidance - Before taking admission in the school and after leaving the school, many types of educational, professional and personal problems come in front of the child, which can be easily solved through guidance. It is clear from the above discussion that individual differences have a very important place in education. All-round development of the personality of the child can be done by arranging education keeping in mind the individual differences. A teacher can help his students in various ways by acquiring knowledge of individual characteristics. Skinner's views in this regard are - "If the teacher wants to improve the education which all children receive regardless of their ability, then for him the knowledge of the nature of individual differences is essential. ,
Teaching Techniques Based Individual Differences or Individualising Educational Program The following are the major methods of individualized teaching
1. Project Method This method was born in America and the father of this method was Kilpatrick. According to him, "Project is a whole-hearted purposeful work that takes place in a social environment." In this system, the student chooses the plan according to his interest, such as making pottery, making a doll house, drama. Playing, gardening, raising animals etc. This method lays emphasis on the principle of 'learn by doing'. In this method students are assigned a task which they complete together like arranging cultural program or picnic. Situational creation, selection, planning, completion, evaluation and marking are prominent in the positions of planning. According to Kilpatrick- "Planning is a purposeful act done with full engagement in the social environment."
2. Dalton Method - This system was given to work according to the ability and interest of Miss Helen Parkhusten 3. In this system, the student has his own ability, freedom. It is not tied in the bondage of Time Table. Students can study the same subject all day if they want. In this, a laboratory is made for each subject. The main feature of this system is the contract of work which the student has to complete in a given period. He can divide the work of the whole year into months, weeks and days. In this system the teacher acts only as a guide. Explaining the meaning of Dalton scheme in Miss Helen Parkhurst, it is written that “Dalton laboratory scheme is not a method or method of teaching. It is a method of educational restructuring which establishes unity in the related activities of learning and teaching. ,
3. Winnetka Method - Dr. Dr. Carlton Washwarn did it. In this scheme also the child has complete freedom to work. In this the entire course is divided into small units. Students study another unit only after successfully studying one unit. Students themselves test their knowledge. The teacher is only a guide. In this scheme no child fails and the child is given a separate grade in each subject. In this method, it is necessary for the child to be honest.
4. Decroly Method The father of this system, Dr. Ovid Decroli, a professor in Belgium. According to him, the child should get education from his life itself. In this method, children are divided according to their interest, ability and level. Then they are allowed to proceed according to their ability. In the Decroli system, the school environment is natural where liberal education is given to the children. Boys and girls are educated together and their number is 20-25. This is done. In the system, the cooperation of the parents is also taken and the development of collective spirit in the child is based on the principle of Hughes and Hughes – “Decroli method by life to the child to perform tangible and intangible tasks”. "This method encourages self-disclosure by providing opportunities for 'life'.
5. Contract Method - This scheme is in a way a combination of Dalton system and Vinetica system. In this, the student is given work for a week, month or even a year at once. There is no time-table and no small portions of the syllabus are done. The student has complete freedom to work. If he wants, he can complete the work of the year in 8 months and if he is not able to complete the work due to any reason then he can complete it in the next year. done at the end of the work. ' He is tested and an attempt is made to find out the reasons for his failure.
Activity Method - Action planning is not really a plan but an aspect of the learning process. It is the endeavor of the teacher that his students remain active throughout the class. Therefore, unless the student tries to assimilate the text by asking questions, the teacher is not satisfied. In this method the teacher observes the student's actions. The student should be entrusted with the activity which is suitable for his mental level. "When to use this method? In this regard, Schönchen has written that 'action planning method is used when some kind of action is done by the children to advance the learning goals in a subject.'"
7. Programmed Instruction - This system is a form of a type of Vinetica system. Just as we divide the curriculum into small units in the Vinnetica system, similarly these units are called programs in this programmed instruction. Now the student takes one program each and completes it. Only after successful completion of one program is given to another program. The student who does not learn the program in the first attempt is given feedback and the one who learns is given reinforcement. The student has to complete all the programs within the stipulated time frame. D . Ahl. In the words of Cook, “Programmed learning is itself a synonym used to clarify the broader concept of teaching methods. “According to Fred Stoffel – “The arrangement of small pieces of knowledge in a logical order is called program and its whole process is called programmed study.”
8. Kindergarten Method - The father of this system is Froebel. The word kindergarten means 'children's garden'. Frowell regards the teacher as a gardener and the child as a plant. He says that the child is an underdeveloped plant that grows under the supervision of a gardener like a teacher. In this system the child is not loaded with books but is allowed to laugh, play, speak and move freely. In this system the child learns everything through play.
9. Montessori Method - This is a popular method of educating young children. The father of this system was Dr. Maria is Montessori. This method is very useful for retarded children. This system is based on psychological principles. Independence, self-discipline, self-reliance, practical education, personal education, sports, education of the sense organs and sense organs are the basis of this system. Sight, hearing, touch, taste and olfactory powers and education are given through household appliances.
10. Heuristic Method - The exponent of this method is Armstrong. It means, "I have discovered" (Ifind out). Through this method, the teacher acquires himself with the help of observation, instruments and books. This method is especially beneficial for science. This method is the child's curiosity. Intensifies the instinct and keeps it always active. With regard to this method Nunn (Nunn's view is – “Because the purpose of the heuristic method is to place the walker in the position of the original investigator, it is clearly a game system.” . "
11. Basic Education System - Gandhiji was the father of this system. This system lays emphasis on the all round development of the child. There is a system of free education in this and this system is based on handicraft. The medium of instruction is the mother tongue and the qualities of self-reliance and ideal citizen are developed in the child. The student is taught about patriotism and truth and non-violence. This system emphasizes on child centered education. All the above methods are based on the main principles of the game system - the principle of freedom, the principle of interest, the principle of self-education, the principle of responsibility, etc. For the proper implementation of these methods, it is necessary to have a qualified teacher, otherwise education will remain only a game, not education.
