What are the reasons for the differences? Due to these, what are the problems the teacher has to face while teaching? How can he solve them effectively? Tell me types of individual differences
(Kinds of Individual Differences) The history of individual differences is very old. In ancient times a distinction was made between ordinary and brave men, but clearly the idea of personal distinction came before us when a new type of examination was discovered. They highlighted the individual differences in various fields. We will describe here the main areas in which individual differences are found.
1. Mental Differences based on the level of intelligence - Individuals also differ from mental point of view. Some people are brilliant, some are more intelligent, some are less intelligent and some are foolish. In order to understand mental differences, with the help of intelligence tests, intelligence is derived. It has been observed that according to this people range from foolish to very talented. Wentworth is of the view that the 'intellectual achievement' of the children of the first grade ranges from 60 to 160. A teacher should give education according to the intellectual ability of each child. Often teachers adapt their teaching to the middle class (according to intelligence) people. This means that no attention is paid to the rest of the children who fall in the higher or lower grades. Therefore, such children who do not come under the category of ordinary children, start experiencing failure and become victims of emotion-glands. If the intelligence of a class is measured, then most of the children's intelligence • The achievement will be about 100, some Key can be 130 or more, some 80 or less • Even less. According to Terman, the curve which will be formed by such measurement will be of bell shape.
2. Variation in Physical Development - There are many types of differences seen in individuals from the physical point of view. This variation is due to colour, form, weight, height, physical build, sex differences, physical maturity etc. Some people are black, white, some tall, some short, some fat, some lean, some beautiful and some ugly. (This type of curve comes in relation to the division of children according to IQ. This means that 68.26% of the children will be around the average, 2.15% will be around low-IQ and 2.15% about the high-IQ children at any Will be in class.) It is the duty of the teacher to keep in mind the physical development of the students in getting the work done. If the physical difference in children is much more than the mean, then give proper guidance to such children.
, 3. Differences in Achievement - Through achievement tests, it is known that there is a difference in the ability of children to acquire knowledge. This variation is great in maths and reading English. Variation in achievement is also found among children who have the same level of intelligence. This is due to the variation in the abilities of the different segments of the intelligence and due to prior experience or guidance or interest. Due to variation in ability to achieve, a teacher should adopt a mix of individual and classroom teaching methods in imparting education. Different children should be given different types of homework and they should be allowed to do different activities or activities. If the achievement is not according to the intellectual ability, then the teacher should know the difficulty of the child. Often this happens due to lack of interest or due to emotional problems or due to lack of opportunity. There are some people who are successful in earning more knowledge than their intellect. These children spend a lot of time or energy in reading and are successful in acquiring more knowledge. They often get inspiration to do so from their parents. Sometimes such children work harder because they want to fill their gap in some other direction. The example of Isaac Newton is noteworthy here. Newton turned his attention to mathematics to make up for the shortcoming he had experienced because of his failure to beat a colleague who was defiant. A skilled teacher should see how the acquisition of more knowledge does not lead to the feeling of dissatisfaction forever.
4. Difference in Attitude - Attitude means, • A general attitude which is towards a group or an organization. Individuals have different attitudes towards different organizations or groups. Some people consider the rules of education or society to be good, some bad. Advancement towards education is not dependent on the level of intelligence. It depends a lot on the environment of the house. If the inclination towards education of the parents is good and proper, then the inclination of the children will also develop in the same way. Village residents in India remain indifferent to education and there is a big reason for their illiteracy. Children have different attitudes towards authorities. This attitude is learned by the child in childhood itself. The difference in attitude towards the authorities may also be due to the environment of the house. A good teacher can inculcate attitude in children in a proper way.
5. Personality Differences - There is definitely some variation found in the personality of every person and child. Some people are introvert and some are extrovert. A person may or may not be influenced by his ability when he meets another person but does not remain without being influenced by his personality. This effect can be negative as well as positive. In this regard, Tylor has written - "Perhaps a person is more affected by the differences in personality than by the differences in ability."
6. Difference in Dynamic Abilities – Some people do a job with more efficiency and some with less skill. This is because of the difference in their dynamic abilities. In this regard, Crow and Crow have written – “There is a lot of variation in the ability to be successful in physical activities even among the individuals of a group. ,
7. Sex Differences Due to Gender Differences - Individual differences are also seen in women and men. Women are soft-spoken, but there is not much difference between the abilities of boys and girls in many areas of learning. Investigations done regarding gender relationship difference do not yet give convincing results. Therefore, nothing can be said with complete confidence in this regard. On the basis of current intelligence tests, it is believed that the average marks of both the sexes will be almost the same, but it has also been observed that the spread of differences is different in both the sexes. In the total marks obtained by both the sexes on intelligence tests, although there is equality, but this equality is not so on different parts of the test. It is almost commonly observed that the marks of girls on the language section are higher than that of the boys and the marks of boys are higher on the mathematics section. Girls score higher in tests of memory. Similarly, it has been found mostly at the primary level in the acquisition of general knowledge that the level of girls was higher than that of boys. The study of Phifer is important in this regard. Pauly sir has to say that due to the education of boys, girls are allowed to have stuttering and other defects. Education should be started after 6 months of starting. The reason for the superiority of the girl child due to the low status of the boys is actually their right over the language. She starts showing superiority in language from a very young age over the children. She starts talking before him and speaks clearly. The science related knowledge of the children is seen more excellent when they come to the school. Soon he also achieves excellence in mathematics. ,
Carter's studies show that teachers give girls more marks in their tests than they would get on a standardized learning test. Teachers give comparatively less marks to children in their tests. According to Sobel sir, teachers at the primary level of both sexes give more marks to girls only. At the secondary level, women always give more marks to girls, but the material given in relation to men is not so sure that anything can be said with complete confidence.
8. Racial and National Differences - The investigations done in relation to caste or national differences are still incomplete. Therefore, nothing can be said with confidence in this regard. But still, there can be differences in different types of abilities among the citizens of different countries.
9. Social Differences - There is a clear difference in social development among individuals. This variation becomes visible only when the child is of the same year. Some children are so timid that they hide their faces as soon as a member of another family comes, but other types of children move towards him without hesitation. Individual child has the ability to understand facial expressions. Walkers also reveal variations in reading. Their fights range from verbal abuse to beatings, scoffing, biting etc. Differences are also found among children in relation to making friends.
10. Emotional Differences - Emotional development takes place in different children, while it is also true that broadly emotional characteristics are found equally in children. What we mean to say is that the emotion of anger is experienced by everyone. Similarly some people remain simple, some sad and some happy. Coincidental differences can be measured by more rigorous, emotional tests.
11. Difference in Specific Abilities - There is also a difference in individuals in terms of specific abilities. Some children are more qualified in arts, some science, some in history, some in geography and some in mathematics. It is worth mentioning that not all individuals have specific abilities and there must be a difference in the quantity among those who do. For example, all players are of the same level, similarly neither all doctors are the same nor all engineers are the same. Spe Ability Tests are used to know the specific abilities of a person. Causes of Individual Differences The following are the main causes of individual differences
1. Heredity - Inheritance The main reason for individual variation is that the hereditary characteristics are passed on to the child at the time of conception. These characteristics are received half from the mother's lineage and half from the father's lineage. Similarly, some qualities are later acquired from the grandmother, some from the great-great-grandmother and some from the great-grandmother. What all these qualities will be received by the person is not certain, it depends on the coincidence, the child gets both merits and demerits by inheritance, that is why the children of a good mother are also good and the thief - the thief of the dacoit, because Cats only have bills. That is why in the form of colour, the people also meet the parents. Psychological mind (Mum has also accepted inheritance as a factor of individual differences, in his view - "Our lives all begin in the same way. Then what is the reason that as we get older, in us The difference keeps happening? The reason for this is because we all have different inheritance.
2. Environment - After inheritance, the environment has a greater effect on the child. As the person grows up in the environment, his personality also becomes like that. If one of the twin children is brought up in a slum and the groom in a rich family, then there will be a difference of land and sky in their personality, in the same way, one child should be taught in an ordinary school and the other in a convent school. Even then there will be a lot of difference in his personality. Walker is affected by all types of environments such as economic, social, cultural and geographical. That is why the people living in the environment are strong, hardworking and fair complexion, whereas the people of hot environment are slow, lazy and dark complexioned. That is why by falling in bad company, Adam becomes bad and in good company a man becomes good.
3. Caste, Race and Country - Caste, race and country also have a substantial impact on individual differences. There is a substantial difference in the conduct and living habits of people like Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, etc. In this way, a Kshatriya youth likes to do courageous deeds, then a Bania's son likes to do business. A Kayastha young man is interested in doing intellectual work. Similarly, differences can be easily seen among the people of different nations like China, India, America, Russia etc. A Kashmiri looks completely different from a Gujarati.
4. Age and Intelligence - With the increase in the age of the child, his physical, mental and emotional development also continues. Due to this reason, individual differences keep coming in them. That's why there is a difference between children of different ages. Similarly, there is a difference between children due to intelligence. Some children are of sharp intellect, some are of normal intelligence and some are of slow intellect, that is, not all children are of equal intelligence. With the increase in age, the difference in the child's interest and the difference in intelligence is seen in the educational progress of the child.
5. Maturity Maturity is a condition in which a person finds himself capable of doing some work. Maturity is also the basis of learning. According to psychologists - "A child cannot learn until he is ready to learn or is not mature." But the child is not fully mature at birth. Maturity comes in adolescence. This maturity comes early in some children and late in some.
6. Sex - Differences - Due to gender differences, there is not only a difference in the physical appearance of boys and girls, but there is also a difference in their thinking and working style. Girls are less powerful, affectionate, gentle and shy than boys, whereas boys are courageous, defiant and tough. Girls have more general intelligence while boys have more specific intelligence. Similarly girls mature early while boys mature late. Apart from the above reasons, education and training also give rise to individual differences.
