Educational Evaluation for Exceptional Children.
What is evaluation? What are the types of evaluation? What is the place of evaluation in the teaching process? Explain. What do you understand by assessment in social science? Describe the main characteristics of a good evaluation. OR What is the meaning and need of evaluation in education? Briefly describe its different types. OR State the different concepts and types of evaluation. How can you systematically apply assessment in a social science subject? Write your thoughts. OR Define evaluation and discuss its importance in social science teaching.
Meaning of Evaluation It can be said in simple sense that marking the value of an object, achievement, process etc. is called evaluation. The use of evaluation in education is a phenomenon of the present century. “Evaluation is a new concept in education right now. The statement of Green and others is used for checking the school program, curriculum, educational material, teachers and children. Through this, a close relationship is established between the objectives of teaching, learning, experiences and tests. Through the Teaching Session, the monthly, quarterly, half yearly, annual examinations of the students are taken, their achievements are actually evaluated by them. To clarify the real meaning of evaluation, some scholars have expressed their views, whose details are as follows.
1. Klar and Starr, "Evaluation is the judgment or analysis that is drawn from the information obtained from the student's work."
2. Dr. Hill, "In the old system the examination used to dictate the entire curriculum and method of teaching, whereas in the new system both examination and teaching would be determined by specific learning objectives. Therefore, the entire education and evaluation should be determined on these."
3. CC Ross, "As opposed to measurement, evaluation is such a process of investigation, which is often done to examine the overall personality and overall educational status of the child."
4. James M. Lee, “Evaluation is the examination of the student’s progress in relation to the school, the classroom and the achievement of the educational objectives set by him. The main purpose of assessment is to guide and guide the learning process of the students. Thus evaluation is not a negative process but a positive process. ,
5. Wesley, “Evaluation is an inclusive concept, which refers to all kinds of efforts and means to judge the quality, importance and effectiveness of desired results. It is a mixture of objective evidence and subjective observation. It is complete and It is the final estimate. It is an important and necessary guide for changes in the form of policies and future program.
( 6) J.W. Wrightstone, “In evaluation, emphasis is laid on changes related to comprehensive personality and the main objectives of education programs. It includes not only subject-matter assessment, but also assessment of tendencies, interests, ideals, methods of thinking, work habits, and personal and social adjustment abilities. ,
Steps of the Evaluation The steps of evaluation in social science can be explained in the following way.
(1) Determining and diligently setting the objectives of teaching social studies and the determination of behavioral changes indicative of the attainment of those objectives.
(2) To conduct and compile the learning experiences necessary for behavioral change.
(3) To create accurate and reliable measures to check the success and significance of the learning process.
(4) With the help of various measures and evaluation methods, collection of information received about students, accumulation and interpretation of graph papers.
Characteristics of a Good Evaluation Which type of evaluation can be called rational?
In answer to this question, it can be said that that evaluation can be called rational, which has certain characteristics, the details of which are given below.
(1) Validity
(2) Reliability
( 3 ) ( Reliability ) positivity
( ( Diagnosticity )
(4) Objectivity
(5) Comprehensiveness
( 6) Practicality
1. Validity - Evaluation should have the quality of validity. That is, the evaluation technique should measure only what is being used to measure it. is considered. The greater the validity of an evaluation technique, the better the technique
2. Reliability - Reliability generally means trust. How much trust do we have in valuation? That is the credibility of that assessment. If the evaluation technique is reliable, then even after using that technique by different people, the results obtained are the same, if there is a difference in the results, it cannot be called reliable.
3. Diagnosticity - The quality of diagnostics is also found in a good evaluation. Through evaluation, it is easily known that what are the difficulties in the teaching-learning process? For example, why are students not easily grasping the knowledge related to the subject of social studies? And once the diagnosis is in hand, it is possible to do remedial work easily.
4. Objectivity - A good assessment is the one which has the quality of objectivity. If an evaluation is not affected by the feelings (interest, attachment, hatred, bias and other mental actions) of the evaluator and the child or person being evaluated, then that evaluation comes in the category of objective evaluation.
5. Comprehensiveness - A good evaluation technique is that which is designed to check what type of objectives, he should be able to check all those types of objectives well.
6. Practicability - The evaluation technique which can be easily used, that is, the one which is easily possible to be used, is called the practical technique of evaluation. By taking it to general public use, one can easily do the evaluation work. Importance of Evaluation in Social Science Teaching: Evaluation has great importance in the teaching process of social science studies because it is through evaluation that the social studies teacher improves his teaching and changes the behavior of the child for the purposes of education. succeeds in achieving.
In brief, the benefits of evaluation can be studied by dividing them into the following points.
(1) Improvement in learning,
(2) Improvement in teaching,
(3) Clarity of the objectives,
(4) Necessary changes incurriculum,
1. Improvement in learning - By evaluation, it is found out how far the child has been able to learn and what are the difficulties that are obstacles in the way of learning? Once this is known, those barriers can be removed, which are expected to accelerate the pace of learning of the student. Under the current education system, examination is arranged for each class for evaluation out of the prescribed syllabus. The child passed in that examination automatically gets the approval to study in the next class and he goes ahead through evaluation.
2. Improvement in Teaching - Through evaluation, it is known to a teacher that to what extent the teaching methods employed by him have been successful in teaching the child and if any teaching method is more useful. If it is not being proved, then he can use other desired teaching method in its place. In this way, by improving his teaching technique as per the need, he can move towards becoming a successful teacher by increasing the learning pace of the children.
3. Clarity of the objectives:- The study teaching process is mainly based on predetermined objectives, the teacher does the teaching work only for the fulfillment of the objectives and to make teaching effective, he uses different types of strategies. Is . To what extent has he been successful in his work or to what extent has he been able to achieve the predetermined objectives? It is possible to find out this fact only by evaluation and on that basis, he can try to achieve 100 percent of the set objectives by making desired changes in his teaching process in future.
4. Necessary changes in curriculum - Curriculum is designed to run the teaching-learning process smoothly and systematically. From the curriculum, where on one hand the teacher knows what he has to teach, on the other hand the child also knows what he has to study? The syllabus should be arranged in such a way that it can be completed within the stipulated time. He is expected to determine the teaching-learning process according to the needs of the child and the society. To what extent is any course successful in fulfilling the needs and aspirations of the society and the child? If this happens, then change is made. Means of Evaluation in Social Science Different means of evaluation have been told by various scholars, but if there is a need to change the curriculum in the present time, If we look at the evaluation done at various levels, it is known that at present, the examination system is being resorted to as a means of evaluation. Evaluation Devices (Techinques) Evaluation method refers to the way by which we evaluate the child's knowledge and the main techniques of behavior, changes in behavior and evaluation of his individual characteristics.
Evaluation
1. Observation Techniques - Through this, evidence is provided regarding the behavior, actions, emotional and intellectual maturity of the students.
2. Questionnaire - This method is very useful for obtaining information from students related to the development of their own interests and attitudes.
3. Interview: Through this, the development of interests, changes in attitudes and various personal characteristics are examined.
4. Rating Scale This method is used to evaluate the different situations or characteristics that can be presented in different quantities. Through this, we can also check the child's skills in a particular area, by looking at the progress of his behavior in that area.
5. Records - Diaries of students, Anecdotal Records prepared by teachers and accumulated record sheets are also the main means of knowing important information and opinion of evaluation.
6. Check List - Like questionnaire, check list is the main means of knowing personal information and opinion.
7. Examination Techniques - The word 'Examination' is derived from the word 'Examination', which means - 'Tongure of Balance'. Generally this method is used to organize knowledge or work. The test is done for the purpose of examination, even if the test is taken by an outside person.
Following are the forms of examination procedure
(i) Oral Examination - This method can be used to test reading ability, pronunciation and information and to complete written examinations. This technique or custom is characteristically personal. Through this information about the individual qualities and demerits of the children can be obtained. In this, the student answers the questions in front of the examiner, so that the examiner checks his confidence, expressive power, etc.
(ii) Practical Examination - It is used in practical subjects - science, handicraft, drawing, agriculture etc. In this, the child presents a sample of his work to the examiner.
(iii) Written Examination - Generally in schools. This form of examination is prevalent. Under this, assignments, writing reports, writing answers to questions and paper-pencil examinations come. Paper-pencil examinations are very useful in checking the knowledge acquisition of the students and the ability to organize and interpret the text, etc.
There are two forms of written examinations-
(A) Essay Type Tests,
(B) Objective Type Tests are more popular. ,
