What do you understand by backward child? What are their main characteristics? How will you arrange their education?
Meaning of north backward child. In Exceptional Children, a class is backward children. (Backward Children) is also there. Who are those backward children? What is meant by them? To make it clear the following definitions are given
According to Burt, “A backward child is one who, in the middle of school life, is unable to do the work of a class below his age level.
According to Schonell, “A backward child is one who shows great academic weakness in comparison to other children of his age.
According to Burton Hall, "Backwardness is generally not used for children whose academic achievement is below the level of their natural abilities."
TKA According to Menon (T.K.A.Menon), "Backward child in Indian situation is one who is more than one year older than the average age of his class". have been done.
According to Burt, they have less academic achievement (E.Q.) or education score, they are backward children. Academic achievement (E.Q.) means whether the knowledge of the school subjects of the students is according to their age level or not. Following is the formula to know the Educational Quotient E.A. E.Q. = x 100 C.A. where , E.Q. = Educational Quotient (Academic Achievement) E.A. = Educational Age, i.e. (Academic Age) C.A. The example of finding the chronological age or the education score (E.Q.) is as follows. Suppose the chronological age of a child is 10 years. His mental age in mathematics is similar to that of a boy of 8 years and in other studies he is similar to that of 6 years. The average of mental age in mathematics and mental age in other studies (E.Q. = 826 = 7) = 7 is 7 years, then education - attainment education - achievement = x100 E.A. C.A. Education Attainment. Chronological Age 7 x 100 = 70 So the education attainment of that child is 70. Therefore, this child will be kept in the category of backward children. Backward people are found more in villages than in cities. This happens because of the availability of education facilities in the cities and due to social awareness. There may be other reasons responsible for this, such as low intelligence, environmental effects, physical defects, running away from school, etc. In short, a backward child is one who exhibits academic weakness as compared to students of his own age group. The students of this class have their own characteristics. To get control over this problem, it is also necessary to study their characteristics. Apart from this, it is also important to know the various reasons for this backwardness of the children because without knowing the reasons it will be difficult to take special measures of education for them.
Characteristics of Backward Children
Following are the main characteristics of backward children
(1) Backward children learn at a slow pace. Compared to these, the learning of normal children is faster and faster. Due to this defect, children are not able to adjust with normal children. Backward children feel uncomfortable in working with them.
(2) In comparison to the children of their age group, these children are very backward in the educational field. This is the reason why such children spend many years in the same class. In the field of education, this defect is called stagnation. There can be many other reasons for this flowlessness besides backwardness.
(3) There should be no relation between backwardness and intelligence. Because while clarifying the meaning of backward children, the word intelligence is not used anywhere, only academic achievement (E.Q.) is used. In backwardness, there is no fixed level of intelligence on the basis of which backward people can be classified.
(4) The educational achievement of backward children appears to be very low in view of their abilities. He is not able to achieve as much as he is capable of achieving. Backward children fail completely in the field of education.
(5) Backward children are not only inferior to the children of their age group in the field of education, but such children also find themselves unable to work or feel difficulty in working with the children of their age group. Huh .
(6) The I.Q. of these children is between 75-90.
(7) Special classes have to be arranged for such children.
(8) The attention and interest of these children remains for a short time only.
(9) These children cannot maintain their concentration for a long time.
(10) These children do not consider themselves capable of participating in academic and social activities.
(11) Can remain entangled in any problem.
(12) A problem cannot be considered abstractly.
(13) These children like to work independently.
(14) These children happily follow the directions.
(15) They do not have the ability to understand even simple things or rules.
(16) These people indulge in anti-social and crime activities.
(17) These children are not able to establish harmony with the environment.
(18) Feeling neglected, they suffer from inferiority complex.
(19) Can not bear his criticism.
(21) Their logic and reasoning power are of low level.
(20) They are introvert and their number of friends is limited.
(22) Do not adopt a realistic attitude towards society and self.
(23) They are not able to take quick decisions.
(24) Lack of for esightesness.
(25) The feeling of dissatisfaction in them soon becomes strong.
(26) The ability to work quickly and accurately is of a low level.
(27) There are pessimists (Passimists).
(28) They crave the teacher's affection and sympathy.
Causes of Backwardness There can be many reasons for backwardness of backward children, which are described as follows.
(1) Physical Causes
(2) Mental Causes
(3) Environmental Causes
(4) Social and Cultural Causes
(5) Other Causes
1. Physical Causes One of the reasons for backwardness can be due to physical defects of the person. Due to these physical defects, they are unable to pay attention to studies. These physical defects include the following major (1) Defects in sense organs (2) Defective speech (3) Injury to the brain (4) Defective working of glands ) ( 5 ) Weak Health
2. Mental Causes - Although low intelligence (I.Q.) is not the cause of backwardness, but sometimes people with very low intelligence lag behind as compared to normal children. Mental reasons lead to lack of intelligence and lack of interest. According to Burt, low intelligence can be the only cause of backwardness. In practice the same thing seems more appropriate.
3. Environmental Causes - The contribution of the environment to backwardness is also no less than anyone. The environment is more important in the adjustment of the child. The following types of environment are responsible for backwardness.
(i) Family Environment - The developed family environment holds the child even before backwardness. By being educated all the members in the house understand well the problems and needs of the children. If the needs and interests of the children are fully taken care of at home, then the backwardness of the children can be controlled. The economic condition of the family, domestic disputes, uneducated parents and immoral tendencies of the parents are enough for the backwardness of the children.
(ii) School Environment - The conditions of the school increase the backwardness of the child. Defective conditions of the school are created due to the following reasons: (1) Use of faulty curriculum and teaching methods in the school. (2) Partisan attitude of teachers towards students (3) Tension in the relationship between teachers and students. (4) Indiscipline in schools. (5) Lack of motivation for students to participate in school activities (6) Lack of co-operative activities in schools. (7) Demonstration of negligence of teachers towards students. (8) Appointment of unqualified teachers. (9) Lack of educational guidance. (10) Absence in school.
4. Social and Cultural Causes - The child does not remain confined in the home or school. He lives in the society and becomes a part of the society. So social influence on its development is natural. Family customs etc. affect the development of the child. In the backwardness of the child, it is very important that which section of the society he is a member of and with which sections of the society he is related. The superiority of social contacts affects the development of the child. For example, parents of small scale industries (washers, potters, carpenters etc.) do not take their education seriously without understanding the importance of education of children. As a result of this disinterest of the parents, the child does not see any attraction in school life. He is worried about running away from school and class. This tendency sets him out in comparison to other children. 5. Other Causes - There are many other reasons for the backwardness of children, which directly or indirectly affect the children. For example, neighborhood, friend circle, radio, cinema, television, newspapers, clubs, religious organizations, magazines etc. Sometimes their effect is justified and sometimes these institutions deviate the children from the right path. Problems of Backward Children Backward children also have their own types of problems, which the teacher may have to face in the classroom.
These problems are described below
1. Problems Related to School - Backward children are slow in learning. So they cannot keep up with the pace of learning of the whole class. Normal children find it difficult to work with them. In that they fail. They fail in what they can achieve academically. They lag far behind the children of their age in terms of studies. Sometimes they cannot even work with students younger than themselves. As a result, they are not able to succeed in different examinations. For this reason, there is stagnation in schools. In this type of environment, backward children do not feel themselves adjusted.
2. Social Problems - The problems of social adjustment increase in backward children due to their inferiority complexes. They cannot mold themselves in the society. Live beyond society. They also have less friends or friends. At times, they start behaving anti-social by meeting anti-social elements. Their backwardness is hidden in the background of those who do anti-social work and people with criminal tendencies. Backward people of the society. Can be a challenge to conform. The responsibility of improving the social environment also rests on the teacher so that the backward students are established properly in the society and prove to be beneficial for the society. The problem of molding.
3. Emotional Problems - In the backward people, the inferiority complex is created due to the glands of the heart. Seeing the face of failures in the educational and social environment, their life becomes a victim of despair. Sometimes they have to suffer humiliation. Emotional instability starts coming and if this condition continues then their emotional balance gets disturbed. As a result, many other problems arise. His mind is not fixed in any work. In such an environment the child falls in the eyes of all and does not get affection and love. As a result, a feeling of insecurity arises in him. From the study of the above problems, it is confirmed that the backward children cannot go along with the normal students in the class academically. They lag behind them in every field. They have to face many types of problems as well as the teacher also has to be active and there is a need to give personal attention to such children at every step. Education of Backward Children In the words of Stones – “Most of the research being done in the field of backwardness these days proves that backward children can progress in education if given proper attention. “Due to the presence of backward children in the class, the teacher has to face many adjustment problems. Therefore, special education programs are needed to solve these problems. What can the teacher in the school do in this regard? It can be described as follows
1. Individual Attention - There is a need to pay special attention to the backward children, because these children lag far behind the normal children. And do not understand the collective guidance given by the teacher. Apart from this, the glands of inferiority complex also develop in them, due to which these children hesitate or get scared while going to the teacher. Therefore, by giving both personal attention to them, they can be liberated from backwardness.
2. Handicrafts - Since backward children go behind educationally, due to which they are not able to get higher education, therefore they should be given training in hand industries. This will inculcate confidence in them and after completing school education, they can establish themselves and stand on their own feet by starting any business.
3. Search of Causes Responsible for Backwardness Before preventing backwardness, it is very important to find out the reasons responsible for it. We can investigate backwardness by means of intelligence tests, evaluation of specific abilities by achievement tests, by examining the child's physical abilities and skills, by studying the child's educational history, by studying the social and economic status of the child's family. . It is only after examining them that the causes of backwardness can be determined and only then the scheme of education can be given a definite shape.
4. Help to adjust in School and at Home - The teacher can help in the readjustment of mal-adjusted children at home and school. They need affection, love and protection which must be met in a timely manner. The teacher can prove to be helpful in adjusting them by establishing contact with their parents and removing their mental tensions.
5. Provision for Special School or Special Classes - This problem can also be controlled by the arrangement of special schools or special classes for the education of backward people. If these children are separated from normal children, then the teacher can give special attention to them. But this suggestion has also been criticized. According to scholars this step will not be psychological. Due to this, backward children will never get an opportunity to learn or follow anything from normal or gifted children. By isolating them, they will feel again and again that they are backward and they will develop an inferiority complex. Backward students must be kept in contact with normal or gifted children.
6. Special Curriculum and Special Teaching Methods - The general curriculum and teaching methods cannot be successful for the education of backward children. Special type of curriculum and teaching methods should be used for these. Specially trained teachers should be appointed for their special education. More emphasis should be given on manual work than on bookish knowledge.
7. Checking of Truancy - Backward children often fall prey to the tendency to run away from school because their interest starts to lose due to their failures in school. By controlling such tendencies, efforts should be made to bring them on the right path.
8. Provision of Co-curricular Activities – In order to control the backwardness of the children, it is necessary to arrange other extra-curricular activities in addition to the curriculum so that the backward students can develop other abilities. This will increase their interest in the school environment.
9. Help from Educational Psychologists - Services of experienced educational psychologists can be taken for the education of backward students. These educational psychologists can liberate the students and their parents from backwardness by giving them proper advice.
10. Provision of Guidance Services - Organization of guidance services in schools can be a very beneficial and effective step for the education of backward children. Educational and Vocational Guidance can be arranged in schools. These services should also be promoted to the parents of backward classes. Through these services, the person can join the line of ordinary people by solving his educational and vocational problems.
11. Control of Environ mental Factors - By making necessary improvements in the social, family, mental, emotional environments of the child, their backwardness can also be prevented, such as - these children's peers, community , neighborhood, general habits, mode of education, education of parents etc. By implementing the above suggestions, the teacher can create opportunities for the backward children for their development, but the teacher alone cannot do much in this work. People from all sections of the society can support the teacher to face such a serious problem, such as parents, psychologists, social workers and members of other government sections. ,
